Modelos de riesgo en pacientes con carcinoma de células renales localizado / Risk models for patients with localised renal cell carcinoma

Introducción: Realizamos un análisis retrospectivo de nuestra serie para evaluar los factores influyentes en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE) y en la supervivencia cáncer-específica (SCE) en pacientes con carcinoma de células renales (CCR) localizado y realizamos unos grupos de riesgo propios. Material y métodos: Entre enero de 1990 y diciembre de 2012 fueron operados 596 pacientes con CCR localizado (tanto de células claras como papilares o cromófobos). Se analizan las variables clinicopatológicas influyentes en la SLE y en la SCE mediante modelos de regresión de Cox y con ellas se diseñan grupos de riesgo de SLE y de SCE. Resultados: La mediana de seguimiento de la serie es de 5,96 años. Al final del estudio 112 pacientes (18,8%) evidenciaron recidiva de la enfermedad, siendo la SLE del 82%, 77% y 72% a 5, 10 y 15 años respectivamente. Los factores de influencia independiente en la SLE en el estudio multivariado fueron: grado de Furhman III-IV, hematuria, afectación vascular linfática, la presencia de necrosis tumoral y el estadio patológico pT3-pT4. Por otro lado, al final del estudio 57 pacientes (9,6%) fallecieron a causa del cáncer renal, siendo la SCE del 92%, 86% y 83% a 5, 10 y 15 años respectivamente. Los factores de influencia independiente en la SCE en el estudio multivariado fueron: Grado de Furhman III-IV, afectación de la grasa perirrenal y la presencia de necrosis tumoral. Conclusiones: Además del estadio patológico pT3-pT4 en pacientes con CCR localizado son importantes otros factores, como la presencia de hematuria y la afectación vascular linfática para la SLE; y especialmente relevantes el grado de Furhman III-IV y la presencia de necrosis tumoral tanto para la SLE como para la SCE

Introduction: We conducted a retrospective analysis of our series to assess the factors that influenced disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We also created our own risk groups. Material and methods: Between January 1990 and December 2012, 596 patients underwent surgery for localised RCC (clear cell, papillary or chromophobe). Using Cox regression models, we analysed the clinical-pathological variables that influenced DFS and CSS and designed risk groups for DFS and CSS with the variables. Results: The median follow-up for the series was 5.96 years. By the end of the study, 112 patients (18.8%) had a recurrence of the disease, with DFS rates of 82%, 77% and 72% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. The independent factors that influenced DFS in the multivariate study were the following: A Furhman grade of 3-4, haematuria, lymphocytic or vascular invasion, the presence of tumour necrosis and a disease stage pT3-pT4. Furthermore, by the end of the study, 57 patients (9.6%) died due to renal cancer, with CSS rates of 92%, 86% and 83% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. The independent factors that influenced CSS in the multivariate study were the following: A Furhman grade of 3-4, perinephric fat invasion and the presence of tumour necrosis. Conclusions: Factors in addition to the disease stage pT3-pT4 in patients with localised RCC are important, such as the presence of haematuria and lymphocytic or vascular invasion for DFS. A Furhman grade of 3-4 and the presence of tumour necrosis are especially relevant for DFS and CSS

Predicción de efectividad de litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque en cálculos del tracto urinario. Grupos de riesgo para precisar retratamiento / Predicting the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on urinary tract stones. Risk groups for accurate retreatment

Introducción: La litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC) es un tratamiento no invasivo, seguro y efectivo para las litiasis del tracto urinario cuya efectividad varía según la localización y el tamaño del cálculo, entre otros factores; en ocasiones es necesario realizar varias sesiones. El objetivo es tratar de predecir el éxito o fracaso conociendo previamente las variables influyentes. Material y métodos: Analizamos a 211 pacientes con TAC previa entre aquellos tratados mediante LEOC entre los años 2010 y 2014. Se estudian las variables influyentes en la necesidad de retratamiento utilizando modelos de regresión logística binaria (estudio uni- y multivariado): densidad máxima, diámetro máximo, área, localización, desintegración y distancia del panículo adiposo. Con las variables influyentes se ha diseñado un modelo de riesgo valorando con regresión logística todas las posibles combinaciones (IBM SPSS versión 20.0). Resultados: Las variables de influencia independiente en la necesidad de retratamiento son: densidad máxima >864UH, diámetro máximo >7,5mm y localización pielocalicial. Utilizando estas variables, el mejor modelo incluye 3grupos de riesgo con probabilidades de necesitar retratamiento significativamente diferentes: grupo 1-bajo riesgo (0 variables) con 20,2%, grupo 2-riesgo intermedio (1-2 variables) con 49,2% y grupo 3-alto riesgo (3 variables) con 62,5%. Conclusiones: La densidad, el diámetro máximo y la localización pielocalicial del cálculo son factores determinantes en la efectividad del tratamiento con LEOC. Con estas variables, que se pueden obtener antes de la decisión terapéutica, el modelo de riesgo diseñado permite una aproximación precisa de cara a elegir el tratamiento más adecuado para cada caso en particular

Introduction: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a non-invasive, safe and effective treatment for urinary tract lithiasis. Its effectiveness varies depending on the location and size of the stones as well as other factors; several sessions are occasionally required. The objective is to attempt to predict its success or failure, when the influential variables are known beforehand. Material and methods: We analysed 211 patients who had had previous CT scans and were treated with ESWL between 2010 and 2014. The influential variables in requiring retreatment were studied using binary logistic regression models (univariate and multivariate analysis): maximum density, maximum diameter, area, location, disintegration and distance from the adipose panniculus. With the influential variables, a risk model was designed by assessing all possible combinations with logistic regression (version 20.0 IBM SPSS). Results: The independent influential variables on the need for retreatment are: maximum density > 864 HU, maximum diameter > 7.5 mm and pyelocaliceal location. Using these variables, the best model includes 3risk groups with a probability of requiring significantly different retreatment: group 1-low risk (0 variables) with 20.2%; group 2-intermediate risk (1-2 variables) with 49.2%; and group 3-high risk (3 variables) with 62.5%. Conclusions: The density, maximum diameter and pyelocaliceal location of the stones are determinant factors in terms of the effectiveness of treatment with ESWL. Using these variables, which can be obtained in advance of deciding on a treatment, the designed risk model provides a precise approach in choosing the most appropriate treatment for each particular case

Risk models for patients with localised renal cell carcinoma. / Modelos de riesgo en pacientes con carcinoma de células renales localizado.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a retrospective analysis of our series to assess the factors that influenced disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We also created our own risk groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1990 and December 2012, 596 patients underwent surgery for localised RCC (clear cell, papillary or chromophobe). Using Cox regression models, we analysed the clinical-pathological variables that influenced DFS and CSS and designed risk groups for DFS and CSS with the variables. RESULTS: The median follow-up for the series was 5.96 years. By the end of the study, 112 patients (18.8%) had a recurrence of the disease, with DFS rates of 82%, 77% and 72% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. The independent factors that influenced DFS in the multivariate study were the following: A Furhman grade of 3-4, haematuria, lymphocytic or vascular invasion, the presence of tumour necrosis and a disease stage pT3-pT4. Furthermore, by the end of the study, 57 patients (9.6%) died due to renal cancer, with CSS rates of 92%, 86% and 83% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. The independent factors that influenced CSS in the multivariate study were the following: A Furhman grade of 3-4, perinephric fat invasion and the presence of tumour necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Factors in addition to the disease stage pT3-pT4 in patients with localised RCC are important, such as the presence of haematuria and lymphocytic or vascular invasion for DFS. A Furhman grade of 3-4 and the presence of tumour necrosis are especially relevant for DFS and CSS.

Predicting the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on urinary tract stones. Risk groups for accurate retreatment. / Predicción de efectividad de litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque en cálculos del tracto urinario. Grupos de riesgo para precisar retratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a non-invasive, safe and effective treatment for urinary tract lithiasis. Its effectiveness varies depending on the location and size of the stones as well as other factors; several sessions are occasionally required. The objective is to attempt to predict its success or failure, when the influential variables are known beforehand. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed 211 patients who had had previous CT scans and were treated with ESWL between 2010 and 2014. The influential variables in requiring retreatment were studied using binary logistic regression models (univariate and multivariate analysis): maximum density, maximum diameter, area, location, disintegration and distance from the adipose panniculus. With the influential variables, a risk model was designed by assessing all possible combinations with logistic regression (version 20.0 IBM SPSS). RESULTS: The independent influential variables on the need for retreatment are: maximum density >864HU, maximum diameter >7.5mm and pyelocaliceal location. Using these variables, the best model includes 3risk groups with a probability of requiring significantly different retreatment: group 1-low risk (0 variables) with 20.2%; group 2-intermediate risk (1-2 variables) with 49.2%; and group 3-high risk (3 variables) with 62.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The density, maximum diameter and pyelocaliceal location of the stones are determinant factors in terms of the effectiveness of treatment with ESWL. Using these variables, which can be obtained in advance of deciding on a treatment, the designed risk model provides a precise approach in choosing the most appropriate treatment for each particular case.

Valor pronóstico de la afectación de vesículas seminales en el espécimen de prostatectomía radical / Prognostic value of seminal vesicle involvement due to prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens

Objetivo: Estudiar la influencia en términos de pronóstico del hallazgo de afectación de vesícula seminal en pacientes con adenocarcinoma de próstata tratados mediante prostatectomía radical. Material y método: Se revisa una serie de pacientes con afectación de vesícula seminal con adenocarcinoma de próstata clínicamente localizado sometidos a prostatectomía radical entre 1989-2009, con énfasis en sus características clinicopatológicas, la supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica (SLPB) y la supervivencia específica (SE). Se evalúan las variables influyentes en la SLPB y se diseña un modelo de riesgo. Resultados: Un total de 127 pacientes sobre 1.132 intervenidos (11%) mostraron invasión de vesícula seminal; es decir, fueron pT3b. En el estudio multivariado de toda la serie (modelo de Cox) pT3b influye en la SLPB (HR: 2; IC 95%: 1,4-3,3; p = 0,001). Otros factores influyentes fueron márgenes afectos, PSA inicial, Gleason patológico y presencia de tumor palpable. Los tumores pT3b presentan peores variables clinicopatológicas cuando se comparan con pT2 y pT3a. El 65% ha evidenciado progresión bioquímica. La SLPB es significativamente peor en pT3b (40 ± 4% y 28 ± 4% a 5 y 10 años) que en pT2 y pT3a (p < 0,0001). La SE también es peor en pacientes pT3b (91 ± 2% y 76 ± 4% a 5 y 10 años) (p < 0,0001). Dentro del grupo de pacientes pT3b las variables predictivas son: PSA > 10 ng/ml (HR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,04-3,6; p = 0,04) y Gleason patológico 8-10 (HR: 2,1; IC 95%: 1,2-3,5; p = 0,03). Se ha diseñado un modelo de riesgo que tiene en cuenta las variables implicadas, que conlleva 2 grupos con diferente SLPB (p = 0,004): a) grupo 1 (0-1 variables). SLPB: 46 ± 7% y 27 ± 8% a 5 y 10 años; y b) grupo 2 (2 variables). SLPB: 14 ± 7% y 5 ± 5% a 5 y 10 años. Conclusión: La afectación de vesícula seminal influye de manera severamente negativa en la SLPB y en la SE. Se diseña un modelo de riesgo con las variables de influencia independiente en la SLPB (Gleason patológico 8-10 y PSA > 10 ng/ml). Este modelo confirma que los tumores pT3b son un grupo heterogéneo, dentro del cual hay un grupo importante de mejor pronóstico cuando se lleva a cabo tratamiento quirúrgico

Objective: To study the influence, in terms of prognosis, of the finding of seminal vesicle involvement in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radical prostatectomy. Material and method: We reviewed a series of patients with seminal vesicle involvement with clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1989 and 2009, focusing on their clinical-pathological characteristics, biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) and specific survival (SS). We assessed the variables that influenced BPFS and designed a risk model. Results: A total of 127 out of 1,132 patients who underwent surgery (11%) presented seminal vesicle invasion (i.e., pT3b). In the multivariate study of the entire series (Cox model), pT3b affects the BPFS (HR: 2; 95% CI: 1.4-3.3; P = .001). Other influential factors were the affected borders, initial prostate-specific antigen levels, pathological Gleason score and the presence of palpated tumor. The pT3b tumors have poorer clinical-pathological variables when compared with pT2 and pT3a tumors. Sixty-five percent of the patients evidenced biochemical progression. The BPFS was significantly poorer for pT3b (40 ± 4% and 28 ± 4% at 5 and 10 years, respectively) than for pT2 and pT3a (P < .0001). The SS was also poorer in patients with pT3b tumors (91 ± 2% and 76 ± 4% at 5 and 10 years, respectively) (P <. 0001). The predictors within the pT3b patient group were: PSA levels > 10 ng/mL (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.04–3.6; P = .04) and pathological Gleason score 8-10 (HR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5; P = .03). We designed a risk model that accounts for the variables involved, which entails 2 groups with different BPFS (P = .004): Group 1 (0-1 variable), with a BPFS of 46 ± 7% and 27 ± 8% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; and Group 2 (2 variables), with a BPFS of 14 ± 7% and 5 ± 5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Conclusion: Seminal vesicle involvement severely and negatively affects the BPFS and SS. We designed a risk model with the independent influential variables in BPFS (pathological Gleason score 8-10 and PSA levels >10 ng/mL). This model confirms that pT3b tumors are a heterogeneous group, which includes an important group with better prognosis when surgical treatment is performed

Prognostic value of seminal vesicle involvement due to prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens.

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence, in terms of prognosis, of the finding of seminal vesicle involvement in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We reviewed a series of patients with seminal vesicle involvement with clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1989 and 2009, focusing on their clinical-pathological characteristics, biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) and specific survival (SS). We assessed the variables that influenced BPFS and designed a risk model. RESULTS: A total of 127 out of 1,132 patients who underwent surgery (11%) presented seminal vesicle invasion (i.e., pT3b). In the multivariate study of the entire series (Cox model), pT3b affects the BPFS (HR: 2; 95% CI: 1.4-3.3; P=.001). Other influential factors were the affected borders, initial prostate-specific antigen levels, pathological Gleason score and the presence of palpated tumor. The pT3b tumors have poorer clinical-pathological variables when compared with pT2 and pT3a tumors. Sixty-five percent of the patients evidenced biochemical progression. The BPFS was significantly poorer for pT3b (40 ± 4% and 28 ± 4% at 5 and 10 years, respectively) than for pT2 and pT3a (P<.0001). The SS was also poorer in patients with pT3b tumors (91 ± 2% and 76 ± 4% at 5 and 10 years, respectively) (P<.0001). The predictors within the pT3b patient group were: PSA levels >10 ng/mL (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.04-3.6; P=.04) and pathological Gleason score 8-10 (HR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5; P=.03). We designed a risk model that accounts for the variables involved, which entails 2 groups with different BPFS (P=.004): Group 1 (0-1 variable), with a BPFS of 46 ± 7% and 27 ± 8% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; and Group 2 (2 variables), with a BPFS of 14 ± 7% and 5 ± 5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Seminal vesicle involvement severely and negatively affects the BPFS and SS. We designed a risk model with the independent influential variables in BPFS (pathological Gleason score 8-10 and PSA levels >10 ng/mL). This model confirms that pT3b tumors are a heterogeneous group, which includes an important group with better prognosis when surgical treatment is performed.

Factores influyentes en la respuesta al rescate con radioterapia tras prostatectomía radical / Influential Factors in the Response to Salvage Radiotherapy After Radical Prostatectomy

Objetivo: Analizar en los pacientes prostatectomizados con posterior progresión bioquímica (PB) y tratados con radioterapia de rescate (RTP) los factores influyentes en la respuesta. Material y métodos: Analizamos 313 pacientes con cáncer de próstata pT2/pT3 que reciben tratamiento de rescate por PB (de una serie de 1.310 pacientes operados entre 1989-2012). De los 313 pacientes 159 (50,8%) reciben solo deprivación androgénica (DA), 63 (20,1%) radioterapia (RTP) más DA concomitante y 91 (29,1%) solo RTP, de los cuales 57 (62,6%) mantienen respuesta completa y 34 (37,4%) fracaso del tratamiento. Resultados: Estudio del grupo tratado solo con RTP de rescate: 91 pacientes son tratados con RTP de rescate. Mediana de seguimiento 6,4 años. Mediana hasta progresión 11 meses. La supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica post-RTP (SLPBPR) es de 68 ± 7% y 30 ± 10% en 5 y 10 años y la mediana de SLPBPR 7,3 años (6,3-8,3). En el análisis multivariado presentan influencia independiente en la respuesta: el PSA inicial (HR: 1,08; IC 95%: 1,01-1,1; p = 0,02) con mejor punto de corte PSA > 20 ng/ml (HR: 13,6; IC 95%: 2,1-86; p = 0,005) y PSA pre-RTP (HR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,2-3,3 p=0,009), mejor punto de corte PSA preRTP de 0,92 ng/ml (HR: 4,5; IC95% 1,3-15,6; p = 0,01). SLPBPR a 5 años 81 ± 9% frente a 58 ± 9% con PSA inicial < 20 o > 20 ng/ml (p=0,03). SLPBPR a 5 años 93 ± 5% frente a 53 ± 10% según PSA pre-RTP < 0,9 o > 0,9 ng/ml (p = 0,02). Conclusiones: En los pacientes prostatectomizados tratados con RTP de rescate el PSA preoperatorio > 20 ng/ml y el PSA preRTP > 0,92 ng/ml tienen influencia independiente en la respuesta

Objective: To analyze the influential factors in the response in prostatectomized patients with subsequent biochemical relapse (BCR) and treated with salvage radiotherapy (RTP). Material and methods: We analyzed 313 patients with pT2/pT3 prostate cancer who were receiving salvage therapy due to biochemical relapse (from a series of 1,310 radical prostatectomies between 1989-2012). Of the 313 patients; 159 (50.8%) only received androgen deprivation (AD), 63 (20.1%) Radiotherapy (RTP) plus concomitant AD and 91 (29.1%) only RTP. Of these, 57 (62.6%) have maintained complete response and 34 (37.4%) had failure response with post-RTP BCR. Results: Study of the group treated exclusively with salvage RTP. Ninety-one patients were treated with salvage RTP. Median follow-up was 6.4 years and median to recurrence 11 months. Post-RTP biochemical relapse-free survival (PRBRFS) was 68 ± 7% and 30 ± 10% in 5 to 10 years. Median PRBRFS was 7.3 years (6.3-8.3). Initial PSA (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.1 P = .02) with best PSA cut-off point PSA > 20 ng/ml (HR: 13.6; 95% CI: 2.1-86 P = .005) and PSA pre-RTP (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.3; P = .009), best PSA cut-off point PSA preRTP 0.92 ng/ml (HR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3-15.6; P = .01) showed independent influence in the response in the multivariate study. PRBRFS at 5 years, 81 ± 9% versus 58 ± 9% with initial PSA < 20 or > 20 ng/ml (P = .03). PRBRFS at 5 years, 93 ± 5% versus 53 ± 10% according to PSA pre-RTP < 0.9 or > 0.9 ng/ml (P = .02). Conclusions: In patients treated with salvage RTP after radical prostatectomy, the preoperative PSA > 20 ng/ml and PSA preRTP > 0.92 ng/ml shows an independent influence on the response

Optimización de los grupos de riesgo de D'Amico en prostatectomía radical añadiendo la información de la resonancia nuclear magnética / Optimizing D’Amico risk groups in radical prostatectomy through the addition of magnetic resonance imaging data

Objetivos: Se pretende mejorar la eficacia predictora de la clasificación de D’Amico con la resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) de pelvis. Material y métodos: Se estudian 729 pacientes de una serie de 1.310 prostatectomías radicales por cáncer de próstata T1-T2 a quienes se realizó RNM de pelvis de estadificación. Cada paciente fue calificado con RNM de T2; T3a o T3b. Se excluyen los pacientes N (+). Se identifican los factores clínicos influyentes en el tiempo de supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica (SLPB) (PSA > 0,4 ng/ml) (estudio univariado y multivariado con modelos de Cox). Se intenta mejorar el poder predictivo del modelo de D’Amico (bajo riesgo: T1; Gleason 2-6; PSA < 10 ng/ml; riesgo intermedio: T2 o Gleason 7 o PSA 10-20 ng/ml; alto riesgo: T3 o Gleason 8-10 o PSA > 20 ng/ml). Resultados: Factores clínicos influyentes en SLPB: en el estudio univariado las variables influyentes son Gleason 7 (HR: 1,7); Gleason 8-10 (HR: 2,9); T2 (HR: 1,6); PSA 10-20 (HR: 2); PSA > 20 (HR: 4,3); D’Amico intermedio (HR: 2,1) y alto (HR: 4,8); RNM T3a (HR: 2,3) y RNM T3b (HR: 4,5). En el estudio multivariado solo son influyentes D’Amico riesgo intermedio (HR: 2; IC 95%: 1,2-3,3); D’Amico alto riesgo (HR: 4,1; IC 95%: 2,4-6,8); RNM T3a (HR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,2-2,9) y RNM T3b (HR: 3,9; IC 95%: 2,5-6,1). Modelo predictivo: utilizando los modelos multivariantes de Cox se valora el peso de cada variable. Se da un valor de 1 a D’Amico de bajo riesgo y a RNM T2; se da valor de 2 a D’Amico de riesgo intermedio y a RNM T3a y valor 3 a D’Amico alto riesgo y RNM T3b. Cada paciente tiene un marcador que oscila entre 2 y 6. El mejor modelo incluye 3 grupos. Grupo 1 (2-3 puntos, HR 1) 494 (67,7%) pacientes; SLPB de 86 ± 2% y 79 ± 2%, 5 y 10 años. Grupo 2 (4 puntos, HR 3) 179 (24,6%) pacientes; SLPB de 60 ± 4% y 54 ± 5%, 5 y 10 años. Grupo 3 (5-6 puntos, HR 9,3) 56 (7,7%) pacientes; SLPB de 29 ± 8% y 19 ± 7%, 5 y 10 años; mediana de SLPB 1,5 años. Conclusión: El modelo D'Amico mejora significativamente la capacidad de predicción de la SLPB utilizando la información de la RNM

Objectives: To improve the predictive efficacy of the D’Amico risk classification system with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. Material and methods: We studied 729 patients from a series of 1310 radical prostatectomies for T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent staging pelvic MRI. Each patient was classified with T2, T3a or T3b MRI, and N (+) patients were excluded. We identified the therapeutic factors that affected the biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) time (prostate specific antigen [PSA] levels > 0.4 ng/mL) using a univariate and multivariate study with Cox models. We attempted to improve the predictive power of the D’Amico model (low risk: T1; Gleason 2-6; PSA levels < 10 ng/mL; intermediate risk: T2 or Gleason 7 or PSA levels 10-20 ng/mL; high risk: T3 or Gleason 8-10 or PSA levels > 20 ng/mL). Results: In the univariate study, the clinical factors that influenced BPFS were the following: Gleason 7 (HR: 1.7); Gleason 8-10 (HR: 2.9); T2 (HR: 1.6); PSA levels 10-20 (HR: 2); PSA levels > 20 (HR: 4.3); D’Amico intermediate (HR: 2.1) and high (HR: 4.8) risk; T3a MRI (HR: 2.3) and T3b MRI (HR: 4.5). In the multivariate study, the only variables that affected BPFS were the following: D’Amico intermediate risk (HR: 2; 95% CI 1.2-3.3); D’Amico high risk (HR: 4.1; 95% CI 2.4-6.8); T3a MRI (HR: 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9) and T3b MRI (HR: 3.9; 95% CI 2.5-6.1). Predictive model: Using the multivariate Cox models, we assessed the weight of each variable. A value of 1 was given to D’Amico low risk and T2 MRI; a value of 2 was given to D’Amico intermediate risk and T3a MRI and a value 3 was given to D’Amico high risk and T3b MRI. Each patient had a marker that varied between 2 and 6. The best model included 3 groups, as follows: 494 (67.7%) patients in group 1, with a score of 2-3 points (HR, 1), a BPFS of 86% ± 2% and 79% ± 2% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; 179 (24.6%) patients in group 2, with a score of 4 points (HR, 3), a BPFS of 60% ± 4% and 54% ± 5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; and 56 (7.7%) patients in group 3, with a score of 5-6 points (HR, 9.3), a BPFS of 29% ± 8% and 19% ± 7% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The median BPFS time was 1.5 years. Conclusion: MRI data significantly improves the predictive capacity of BPFS when using the D’Amico model data

La simulación mejora la confianza de los estudiantes para adquirir competencias en urología / Simulators Help Improve Student Confidence to Acquire Skills in Urology

Objetivos: Conocer el grado de confianza de los alumnos de quinto de Grado en Medicina para realizar las maniobras de sondaje vesical y tacto rectal, antes y después del entrenamiento con simuladores. En segundo lugar, valorar la satisfacción de los estudiantes respecto a la utilización de la simulación como metodología de aprendizaje. Material y métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Simulación de la Facultad de Medicina, y participaron los 173 estudiantes que realizaron el taller práctico de la asignatura de Urología. Mediante cuestionarios anónimos, los estudiantes respondieron a preguntas sobre su grado de confianza en la realización del sondaje vesical y el tacto rectal, antes y después del taller, y sobre la satisfacción general respecto a la simulación como herramienta de entrenamiento. Los talleres se organizaron en grupos de 10 alumnos y estaban dirigidos por un profesor o residente de dicha especialidad que supervisaba de manera individual, resolvía dudas e instruía en la técnica correcta. Resultados: Todas las valoraciones respecto a las distintas competencias fueron significativamente más altas tras el entrenamiento (p < 0,001). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la confianza antes del entrenamiento entre varones y mujeres en la maniobras de sondaje uretral masculino y reconocimiento de próstata normal o patológica, siendo menor la confianza en mujeres (p < 0,05). Estas diferencias desaparecieron tras el entrenamiento. El grado de satisfacción general con el taller fue alto, de 4,47 ± 0,9 sobre una puntuación máxima de 5. Conclusiones: La simulación es un método de entrenamiento

Objective: To know the level of confidence of fifth-year medical students in order to perform maneuvers in bladder catheterization and rectal examination before and after training with simulators. To be able to assess student satisfaction regarding the use of the simulation as a learning method. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Simulation Center of the Faculty of Medicine. A total of 173 students who completed a practical workshop on the subject of Urology participated. The students were asked to answer anonymous questionnaires on their level of confidence in performing a bladder catheterization and rectal examination before and after the workshop as well as their satisfaction in using the simulation as a training tool. The workshops were organized using groups of 10 students. A teacher or a resident in that area of expertise supervised each student individually, resolving their doubts and teaching them the proper technique. Results: All the evaluations made on the different abilities were significantly higher after training (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found in the confidence level between men and women before the training regarding male urethral catheterization maneuvers and recognition of normal or pathological prostate, The confidence level was lower in women (p < 0.05). These differences disappeared after training. The level of overall satisfaction with the workshop was high, going from 4.47 ± 0.9 to a maximum score of 5. Conclusions: Simulation is a training method that helps improve the confidence of the medical student in performing a bladder catheterization and digital rectal examination

Influential factors in the response to salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influential factors in the response in prostatectomized patients with subsequent biochemical relapse (BCR) and treated with salvage radiotherapy (RTP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 313 patients with pT2/pT3 prostate cancer who were receiving salvage therapy due to biochemical relapse (from a series of 1,310 radical prostatectomies between 1989-2012). Of the 313 patients; 159 (50.8%) only received androgen deprivation (AD), 63 (20.1%) Radiotherapy (RTP) plus concomitant AD and 91 (29.1%) only RTP. Of these, 57 (62.6%) have maintained complete response and 34 (37.4%) had failure response with post-RTP BCR. RESULTS: Study of the group treated exclusively with salvage RTP. Ninety-one patients were treated with salvage RTP. Median follow-up was 6.4 years and median to recurrence 11 months. Post-RTP biochemical relapse-free survival (PRBRFS) was 68 ± 7% and 30 ± 10% in 5 to 10 years. Median PRBRFS was 7.3 years (6.3-8.3). Initial PSA (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.1 P=.02) with best PSA cut-off point PSA>20 ng/ml (HR: 13.6; 95% CI: 2.1-86 P=.005) and PSA pre-RTP (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.3; P=.009), best PSA cut-off point PSA preRTP 0.92 ng/ml (HR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3-15.6; P=.01) showed independent influence in the response in the multivariate study. PRBRFS at 5 years, 81 ± 9% versus 58 ± 9% with initial PSA <20 or >20 ng/ml (P=.03). PRBRFS at 5 years, 93 ± 5% versus 53 ± 10% according to PSA pre-RTP <0.9 or >0.9 ng/ml (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: In patients treated with salvage RTP after radical prostatectomy, the preoperative PSA>20 ng/ml and PSA preRTP>0.92 ng/ml shows an independent influence on the response.

Optimizing D'Amico risk groups in radical prostatectomy through the addition of magnetic resonance imaging data.

OBJECTIVES: To improve the predictive efficacy of the D'Amico risk classification system with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 729 patients from a series of 1310 radical prostatectomies for T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent staging pelvic MRI. Each patient was classified with T2, T3a or T3b MRI, and N (+) patients were excluded. We identified the therapeutic factors that affected the biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) time (prostate specific antigen [PSA] levels>0.4ng/mL) using a univariate and multivariate study with Cox models. We attempted to improve the predictive power of the D'Amico model (low risk: T1; Gleason 2-6; PSA levels<10ng/mL; intermediate risk: T2 or Gleason 7 or PSA levels 10-20ng/mL; high risk: T3 or Gleason 8-10 or PSA levels>20ng/mL). RESULTS: In the univariate study, the clinical factors that influenced BPFS were the following: Gleason 7 (HR: 1.7); Gleason 8-10 (HR: 2.9); T2 (HR: 1.6); PSA levels 10-20 (HR: 2); PSA levels>20 (HR: 4.3); D'Amico intermediate (HR: 2.1) and high (HR: 4.8) risk; T3a MRI (HR: 2.3) and T3b MRI (HR: 4.5). In the multivariate study, the only variables that affected BPFS were the following: D'Amico intermediate risk (HR: 2; 95% CI 1.2-3.3); D'Amico high risk (HR: 4.1; 95% CI 2.4-6.8); T3a MRI (HR: 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9) and T3b MRI (HR: 3.9; 95% CI 2.5-6.1). Predictive model: Using the multivariate Cox models, we assessed the weight of each variable. A value of 1 was given to D'Amico low risk and T2 MRI; a value of 2 was given to D'Amico intermediate risk and T3a MRI and a value 3 was given to D'Amico high risk and T3b MRI. Each patient had a marker that varied between 2 and 6. The best model included 3 groups, as follows: 494 (67.7%) patients in group 1, with a score of 2-3 points (HR, 1), a BPFS of 86%±2% and 79%±2% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; 179 (24.6%) patients in group 2, with a score of 4 points (HR, 3), a BPFS of 60%±4% and 54%±5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; and 56 (7.7%) patients in group 3, with a score of 5-6 points (HR, 9.3), a BPFS of 29%±8% and 19%±7% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The median BPFS time was 1.5 years. CONCLUSION: MRI data significantly improves the predictive capacity of BPFS when using the D'Amico model data.

Simulators help improve student confidence to acquire skills in urology.

OBJECTIVE: To know the level of confidence of fifth year medical students in order to perform maneuvers in bladder catheterization and rectal examination before and after training with simulators. To be able to assess student satisfaction regarding the use of the simulation as a learning method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the Simulation Center of the Faculty of Medicine. A total of 173 students who completed a practical workshop on the subject of Urology participated. The students were asked to answer anonymous questionnaires on their level of confidence in performing a bladder catheterization and rectal examination before and after the workshop as well as their satisfaction in using the simulation as a training tool. The workshops were organized using groups of 10 students. A teacher or a resident in that area of expertise supervised each student individually, resolving their doubts and teaching them the proper technique. RESULTS: All the evaluations made on the different abilities were significantly higher after training (P<.001). Significant differences were found in the confidence level between men and women before the training regarding male urethral catheterization maneuvers and recognition of normal or pathological prostate, The confidence level was lower in women (P<.05). These differences disappeared after training. The level of overall satisfaction with the workshop was high, going from 4.47 ± 0.9 to a maximum score of 5. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation is a training method that helps improve the confidence of the medical student in performing a bladder catheterization and digital rectal examination.

[Plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma: a case report]. / Variante plasmocitoide del carcinoma urotelial: a propósito de un caso.

Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma is an extremely rare pathological finding. We report our experience of one case. A 60 year old male with hematuria of two years evolution, with frequency and dysuria. A tumor was found and he received surgical treatment by TURB at first. The pathology result was a plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma. Subsequently a radical cystectomy with urinary diversion was performed. The patient received follow-up until his death.

Variante plasmocitoide del carcinoma urotelial: a propósito de un caso / Plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma: a case report

El carcinoma urotelial plasmocitoide es un hallazgo anatomopatológico extremadamente raro. Aportamos nuestra experiencia de un caso. Varón de 60 años con episodios de hematuria de 2 años de evolución con polaquiuria y disuria. Se evidenció un tumor realizando primero una RTU vesical cuyo diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue de carcinoma urotelial plasmocitoide, por lo que posteriormente se realizó una cisto-prostatectomía radical con derivación ileal, y tras más de dos años de evolución falleció (AU)

Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma is an extremely rare pathological finding. We report our experience of one case. A 60 year old male with hematuria of two years evolution, with frequency and dysuria. A tumor was found and he received surgical treatment by TURB atfirst. The pathology result was a plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma. Subsequently a radical cystectomy with urinary diversion was performed. The patient received follow-up until his death (AU)

[Malignant priapism: conservative management of a case]. / Priapismo maligno: un caso manejado de forma conservadora.

Priapism is an urological emergency which requires investigation, especially to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic priapism. Initial management is carried out through aspiration and gasometry of blood from the corpus cavernosum. We report the case of a 69-year-old patient with urothelium carcinoma of the bladder T2 G3 and metastasis in urethra/corpus cavernosum who requested an emergency consultation because of edema and a penile erection lasting several days. Due to the poor prognosis and the imaging test, a conservative management was carried out.

Priapismo maligno: un caso manejado de forma conservadora / Malignant priapism: conservative management of a case

El priapismo es una urgencia urológica que requiere especial valoración, especialmente en la diferenciación de priapismo isquémico y no isquémico. El manejo inicial es mediante aspiración y gasometría de la sangre de los cuerpos cavernosos. Presentamos un paciente de 69 años diagnosticado de carcinoma de urotelio vesical T2, con metástasis en uretra/cuerpo cavernoso que acude a urgencias por edema y tumefacción peneano de varios días de evolución. Ante el pronóstico malo y las pruebas de imagen realizadas se decide tratamiento de soporte y quimioterápico (AU)

Priapism is an urological emergency which requires investigation, especially to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic priapism. Initial management is carried out through aspiration and gasometry of blood from the corpus cavernosum. We report the case of a 69-year-old patient with urothelium carcinoma of the bladder T2 G3 and metastasis in urethra/corpus cavernosum who requested an emergency consultation because of edema and a penile erection lasting several days. Due to the poor prognosis and the imaging test, a conservative management was carried out (AU)

Perforación duodenal espontánea en paciente intervenido de prostatectomía radical / Spontaneous duodenal perforation in a radical prostatectomy patient

La prostatectomía radical es una cirugía para el cáncer localizado de próstata, muy conocida y con escaso número de complicaciones precoces postoperatorias. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 54 años con PSA de 8 ng/ml y biopsia informada como adenocarcinoma de próstata Gleason 3+3=6 intervenido quirúrgicamente mediante prostatectomía radical retropúbica, que presentó una perforación espontánea de duodeno. Se manejó de forma conservadora ante el buen estado del paciente, resolviéndose a los 30 días. Ante un paciente intervenido es importante pensaren todas posibles complicaciones realizando las mínimas pruebas necesarias que permitan un diagnostico certero. El tratamiento habitualmente es quirúrgico, pudiéndose optar por el conservador en casos concretos(AU)

Radical prostatectomy is a well known treatment for prostate cancer, with a low incidence of early postoperative complications. Our case is a 54 year old patient diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma, Gleason score 3+3=6 with 8ng/ml of PSA, treated by retropubic prostatectomy, who suffered spontaneous perforation of the duodenum. We chose a conservative management, resolved in 30 days. When dealing with a surgical patient all kinds of complications must be taken into account by performing the minimum tests that will enable a sure diagnosis to be achieved. The usual treatment is surgery or conservative management, depending on the case and the patient(AU)

[Spontaneous duodenal perforation in a radical prostatectomy patient]. / Perforación duodenal espontánea en paciente intervenido de prostatectomía radical.

Radical prostatectomy is a well known treatment for prostate cancer, with a low incidence of early postoperative complications. Our case is a 54 year old patient diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma, Gleason score 3+3=6 with 8 ng/ml of PSA, treated by retropubic prostatectomy, who suffered spontaneous perforation of the duodenum. We chose a conservative management, resolved in 30 days. When dealing with a surgical patient all kinds of complications must be taken into account by performing the minimum tests that will enable a sure diagnosis to be achieved. The usual treatment is surgery or conservative management, depending on the case and the patient.

Adenoma nefrogénico prostático. A propósito de un caso / Prostatic nephrogenic adenoma. A case report

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¿Existe un intervalo de tiempo de isquemia fría seguro para el injerto renal? / Is there a Safe Cold Ischemia Time Interval for the Renal Graft?

Objetivo: Se pretende caracterizar la verdadera relación del tiempo de isquemia fría (TIF) con la supervivencia del injerto, así como con los principales eventos del postrasplante. Material y métodos: Analizamos 378 trasplantes renales, estudiando la relación del TIF con la supervivencia del injerto mediante un análisis univariado según el modelo de COX, y buscando el mejor punto de corte mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y test de log-rank. La relación entre TIF y los principales eventos del postrasplante fue estudiada con la regresión logística binaria. Resultados: La media de seguimiento de todo el grupo fue de 77,8 meses (± 51 DE) y el TIF medio de 14,8 horas (± 5,1 DE). El análisis univariado revela que el TIF no se relaciona con la supervivencia del injerto como variable continua (OR=1,04; IC 95% 0,9-1,08; p>0,05). Al establecer el punto de corte en las 18 horas encontramos diferencias en la supervivencia actuarial. La supervivencia a los 5 años es del 91% con TIF < 18h frente a 84% con TIF > 18h. Cada hora de isquemia fría incrementó un 10% el riesgo de retraso en la función del injerto (OR=1,1; IC 95%:1,05-1,15; p<0,001) y también condicionó mayor incidencia de rechazo agudo (41,5% vs. 55,3%; p=0,02) y menor tiempo hasta el primer episodio de rechazo (72,6 días±137 vs. 272,2 días±614,8; p=0,023) a partir de las 18 horas. Con el resto de eventos del postrasplante, tales como complicaciones quirúrgicas o ingresos hospitalarios, el TIF no pareció estar relacionado (p>0,05). Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia una isquemia fría menor de 18 horas no parece afectar negativamente la supervivencia del injerto (AU)

Objective: It is aimed to characterize the true relationship of the cold ischemia time (CIT) with graft survival and with the principal post-transplantation events. Material and methods: We analyzed 378 kidney transplants, studying the relationship of the CIT with graft survival using a univariate analysis according to the COX model and seeking the optimum cutoff according to the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The relationship between CIT and the principal events of the post-transplant was studied using the binary logistic regression. Results: The mean follow-up of all the group was 77.8 months (± 51 SD) and the mean CIT was 14.8hours (± 5.1 SD). The univariate analysis revealed that the CIT was not related with the graft survival as a continuous variable (OR=1.04; 95% CI: 0.9-1.08; p>0.05). On establishing the cutoff at 18hours, we found differences in the actuarial survival. Survival at 5 years was 91% with CIT < 18h versus 84% with CIT >18h. Each hour of cold ischemia increased risk of delay in the graft function by 10% (OR=1.1; 95% CI: 1.05-1.15; p<0.001) and also conditioned a greater incidence of acute rejection (41.5% vs. 55.3%; p=0.02) and less time to the first rejection episode (72.6 days±137 vs. 272.2 days±614.8; p=0.023) after 18hours. The CIT did not seem to be related (p<0.05) with the rest of the post-transplantation events, such as surgical complications or hospital admissions. Conclusions: In our experience, cold ischemia under 18hours does not seem to negatively affect graft survival (AU)